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Search by topic:   17131. ARE THERE LEADERS AND FOLLOWERS IN FISH SHOALS? This paper explores and discusses the question of whether there are leaders and followers in fish shoals. After reviewing the basic characteristics of fish shoals and schooling behavior and summarizing the traditional view that fish shoals or schools are self-organized, leaderless systems, the paper consider the possibility of leaders and leadership roles (and by implication, followers) within organized fish aggregations. It is argued that there are indeed, leaders and followers within some fish shoals, although it is also argued that ‘leaders’ and ‘leadership’ must be differentially defined for fish shoals versus the paradigm of leadership evident in the human military organization or the wild wolf pack. Specifically, within the fish shoal, leadership occurs in the relative absence of organizational hierarchy and outside of the framework of leadership as social dominance. Written 2003. 15 pages; 39 footnotes; 17 bibliographic sources. 3,743 words.   $105 Copyright 2002 Academic Research Papers Associate Term Paper Sites: Academic Research Papers Academic-Research-Papers Research Central Term Paper Assistance