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Search by topic:   5A. MANAGERIAL SCIENCE How to interpret the catalog entries: How old is my paper? The closer a paper is to the top of a page, the more recently it was written. Book reviews Underlined titles indicate that the paper is a review/summary of a book. Page lengths, footnotes and bibliographic references: The title of the paper, usually typed in capital letters, is followed by a brief description of the paper and a specification of text page length (NOT including the bibliography or endnote pages), number of footnotes or citations, and number of bibliographic references.   prev  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  next     13903. INTEL VERSUS RED HAT COMPARATIVE STRATEGIES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the strategies of two very different players in the red-hot, high tech industry: Intel, the leading chipmaker, and Red Hat, Inc., the leading vendor of Linux software. Defines and describes the two firms’ product portfolio, corporate culture, market focus, and short- and long-term strategic vision. Recommends adjustments in each company’s strategy to meet the future challenges in the industry operating environment. KEYWORDS: corporate strategy comparative analysis term paper. 16 pages, 51 footnotes, 28 bibliographic sources.   $112   13867. FIRM SIZE & MANAGEMENT PRACTICE. This essay addresses the issue of firm size and management practices. In particular, the essay considers the following proposition: The management of a small business is really the same as the management of a large one. Following a brief definition of the concepts of “small business” (versus large business) and “management,” the analysis presents the evidence on both sides of this issue and concludes that size matters in management—that the management of a small business is not the same as the management of a large business. KEYWORDS: business size management small business large corporations term paper. 12 pages, 31 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources.   $84   13866. FRANCHISING SUCCESS FACTORS. This term paper critically analyzes the proposition that “franchising is the route to success.” Following a brief explication of the components, mechanisms and definitions of franchising, the paper examines current issues in worldwide franchising and considers more specifically whether or not (and under what circumstances) franchising may represent “the easy route to business success.” The essay concludes that franchising provides more substantive opportunities to the franchiser than to the franchisee and that for all parties involved, franchising is better conceptualized as one of the possible routes to success versus as an “easy route” to success. KEYWORDS: franchise franchising success failure term paper. 14 pages, 38 footnotes, 17 bibliographic references.   $98   13855. PROFILE OF AN ENTREPRENEUR IN THE MARKET RESEARCH INDUSTRY. The American-born entrepreneur who is the focus of this report specializes in providing business-to-business market research to Western companies now operating in or planning to enter the Chinese market. Following an overview of the international marketing research industry and the market for market research information in China, the report profiles (based on interviews with the principals and their associates) the entrepreneur and his company. The objective of this investigation is to assess and analyze the critical factors in the success and/or failure of the entrepreneurial venture and to explicate some of the lessons learned for future ventures. 12p., 14f., 13b.   $84   13814. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY. An overview of how organizational theory seeks to define the way different goals and strategies are implemented within a given organization in terms of its organizational design. The resource dependent model is examined as it related to technologically interdependent and service-based organizations. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references.   $35   13784. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: OVERVIEW AND APPLICATIONS. Describes and analyzes the purpose and scope of total quality management (TQM) in contemporary business operations. Defines total quality management and discusses quality as a management activity and explains how TQM applies in purchasing, manufacturing, and inventory functions. 10 pages, 10 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.   $70   13760. PRICING IN JAPAN AND THE U.S. The paper analyzes Japanese and American pricing methods, comparing and contrasting Japanese "predatory" pricing techniques which aim at obtaining dominant market share and the American system dominated by short-term planning and the quest for immediate profits. Defends the Japanese methods as legal and fair. 10 pages, 10 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.   $70   13678. THREE VISIONS OF THE AMERICAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. An analysis and review of three different literary critiques of American business made at the beginning (Upton Sinclair), middle (Kurt Vonnegut) and end (Robert Fulghum) of the 20th Century. Considers the social, political and economic context of the critiques. 5 pages, 8 footnotes, 3 bibliographic references.   $35   13664. WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN. An assessment of the growing numbers of young women in management positions in Japan. A description of the educational status of these women, their present levels of college enrollment, and the social barriers that these women face. Also includes an indication of future growth trends and a comparison of women in the U.S. and Japan. 6 pages, 27 footnotes, 1 bibliographic reference.   $42   13636. CISCO SYSTEMS. This paper presents a profile of Cisco Systems, Inc., currently the hands-down leader in computer network systems and well-positioned to take a leadership position in the new world of convergence technology. Following an overview of the industry operating environment and Cisco's competition, the analysis considers Cisco's history, financial position, organizational structure and culture, and strategy. 14p. 44f. 24b.   $98   13585. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS A COMPETITIVE TOOL. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the "Information Revolution" in contemporary business. Focusing on the explosive growth of the Internet and the concomitant develop of business intranets, the analysis considers how information technology serves as a crucial competitive tool and is rapidly evolving as the central basis of competition in today's business environment. 12p. 32f. 18b.   $84   13580. BIG BOX STORES VERSUS TRADITIONAL RETAILERS. This paper presents an overview and analysis of the "big box store versus smaller retailer" controversy, with a focus on Wal-Mart (as the epitome of the big box retailer) and its impact on small business and the local economies of small and medium-sized cities. The paper begins with an overview and analysis of the case against the Big Box stores. Following this, the analysis examines the arguments and evidence which support the Big Box stores and/or refute the charges leveled against them by small retailers. The concluding section considers some of the strategies that local communities and small retailers have used and/or can use to defend themselves against the detrimental impact of big box retailers such as Wal-Mart. 13p. 39f. 20b.   $91   13540. WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT IN THAILAND: OPPORTUNITIES & BARRIERS. This paper considers the central barriers to Thai women's entry/advancement in the management ranks. The analysis begins with an overview of the burden of tradition on Thai women workers - the cultural, social and historical impediments to Thai women's entry into management. Subsequent sections consider legal barriers, educational barriers, overt discrimination, psychological barriers, and the barriers created by recent economic development. A concluding section considers the future for Thai women managers. 22p. 59f. 20b.   $133   13538. THAI LABOR AND MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of Thailand's labor market and management style within the context of economic, social, and cultural conditions. The first part of the paper provides an economic and social overview of Thailand, including a discussion of shifts in the labor force and structure, the influence of economic development on social change, and current labor/management demand. The second part of the paper focuses on Thai management practices and style as influenced by Thai culture and the pace of economic development. 11p. 34f. 14b.   $77   13511. THE ONE MINUTE MANAGER MEETS THE MONKEY (BLANCHARD, ONCKEN, AND BURROWS). Summarizes the main ideas of the book, and argues that it has more strengths than weaknesses. Also covers the main principles in the book and its theme of helping managers make better use of their time through delegation. 6p. 10f. 1b.   $42   13484. HERBERT KELLEHER: SOUTHWEST’S TOP-FLIGHT CEO. This paper provides a biographical sketch of Southwest Airlines’ unconventional CEO and Chairman. The analysis considers Kelleher’s background, his role in founding the airline, his early contributions, his leadership style, and his lasting contributions. Kelleher is seen as instrumental in much of Southwest's success. KEYWORDS: Southwest Airlines airline industry competition leadership strategic management. 8 pages, 25 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.   $56   13443. THE RESOURCE-BASED VIEW OF THE FIRM: A PRODUCTIVE CONCEPT IN BUSINESS STRATEGY. Excellent summary of this vein of business strategy literature which concentrates on the firm's own abilities, assets and possibilities. roots of the concept in the economic work of Schumpeter and E. Penrose, first use of the term "resource-based view" by B. Wernerfelt's 1984 article, other writers specializing in the concept. the heart of the study is a detailed analysis of several specific articles: a study by D. Collis of the based view gives good results in explaining why firms seem to maintain non-profit-maximizing uses of resources, two other articles are criticized for offering little new knowledge. Criticisms of the resource-based view by Michael Porter are analyzed and compared with the best theorizing in the field (by Mahoney & Pandian, 1992) to conclude that the RBV school will be found to be "based on realistic views of market imperfections" that are not adequately explained by classical microeconomics. 23p., 46f., 10b   $133   13386. JUST IN TIME (JIT) PHILOSOPHY AND SYSTEM FROM JAPAN. A comprehensive overview and analysis of the JIT production system. Defines JIT and its major components; traces the historical development of JIT; discusses its potential and proven benefits; details the central elements of JIT related to flow, quality, and employee involvement; considers problems in JIT implementation; and profiles recent trends and development in JIT. 17p. 26f. 18b.   $119   13359. EVALUATING QUALITY IN SERVICES. This paper considers the problems and prospects for evaluating quality and implementing quality control procedures in service organizations as contrast to manufacturing organizations. Argues that both the definition of quality, and the implementation of quality control processes must be significantly modified from their manufacturing paradigm to achieve effectiveness in the service organization. KEYWORDS: quality control service business term paper. APA Style. 10 pages, 14 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.   $70   13356. THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES. This essay considers the argument that a strategic alliance can strengthen both firms against outsiders even as it weakens one partner vis-a-vis the other. Drawing on recent case examples of alliances in different industries, as well as the strategic management literature looking at theoretical issues in alliance formation, the analysis considers the factors spurring alliances, firms’ motivations for alliance formation, common types of strategic alliances, and the benefits and risks that the strategic alliance brings to the firms involved. 10p., 20f., 14b.   $70   13330. EMULATION VERSUS INNOVATION IN CORPORATE STRATEGY. Considering the case of Sun Microsystems, this term paper considers the extent to which a corporation needs to combine both emulation and innovation in its corporate strategy process. The essay considers this issue from the perspective of a brief case analysis of strategy at Sun Microsystems, with special reference to Sun’s strategic reliance on its Java programming language and the challenge it presents to software industry leader, Microsoft Corporation. KEYWORDS: corporate strategy computer industry innovation competitive strategies term paper. 6 pages, 14 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.   $42   13319. MARKETING PRESCRIPTION DRUGS DIRECTLY TO CONSUMERS. Discusses the ethical issues involved in this practice, and argues in favor of a patient's right to information and self-determination. On this basis, also argues for a "code of ethics" to ensure truthfulness and full disclosure in drug ads. 6p., 18f., 7b.   $42   13318. AN ANALYSIS OF THREE PERSPECTIVES OF ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY ALONG SIX DIMENSIONS. A systematic analysis of three perspectives on organizational theory along the six dimensions of cognitive interests, dominant metaphors, primary units of analysis, basic assumptions about the relation of the individual to the organization and society, the meaning and locus of rationality, and the primary values embodied in the theories. Includes a comparative analysis in the form of a comprehensive table. 9p., 13f., 3b.   $63   13308. PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AT EXXON IN THE 1990S. Examines quality and productivity improvement practices and principles at Exxon Corp. during the 1990s. Considers the role of falling oil prices and the Exxon Valdez crisis in spurring new initiatives. Evaluates the scope, shortcomings and successes of these programs over the past several years. 9p., 29f., 12b.   $63   13300. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS. This term paper considers the proposition that "mastery of information technology is critical to effective organizational communication." This statement is discussed and analyzed with regard to practical examples including the role and importance of email, the Internet, corporate intranets, database technologies, telecommuting, groupware, and decision-making technologies. The essay begins with an overview of the function and importance of communications within the organization and a look at how information technology has transformed the structure and scope of organizational communications. KEYWORDS: information technology organizations organizational communications intranets. 14 pages, 37 footnotes, 22 bibliographic sources.   $98   13272. OUT OF THE CRISIS (W. EDWARDS DEMING). Critical review of book on how managers can increase long-term competitiveness. The book provides good information on quality control, but too little on the role of employee satisfaction. Although book provides useful guidelines, it is also noted that its information on graphic communications has become outdated. 6p., 16f., 1b.   $42   13271. THEORY Z (WILLIAM OUCHI). Analysis of book on techniques adapted from Japanese styles of management. Emphasizes how employee participation, loyalty and teamwork can increase productivity. Conclusion notes how the information in the book relates to the field of graphic communications. 6p., 14f., 1b.   $42   13248. THE CHASE-CHEMICAL BANK MERGER. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the Chemical-Chase merger, illustrating the components of the merger in detail and examining the rationale behind the union; analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the unified bank; looking at the regulatory/legal stumbling blocks to the merger; and examining its impact on the banking industry, the economy, and consumers. KEYWORDS: banking industry mergers acquisitions chase manhattan chemical bank term paper. 15 pages, 48 footnotes, 36 bibliographic sources.   $105   13239. AMERICAN AIRLINES STRATEGY. This report presents a comprehensive strategic analysis of American Airlines. Following an overview of American's current mission objectives and strategies, the analysis identifies the organization's external opportunities and threats; presents a competitive profile matrix; and identifies the organization's internal strengths and weaknesses. The second part of the paper draw upon various strategic analysis tools (TOWS matrix, SPACE matrix, Grand strategy matrix, QSPM) to identify, evaluate, and analyze specific strategies that American can utilize to capitalize on its strengths, minimize its weaknesses, take best advantage of external opportunities and best forfend threats in the external environment. The details of these various analytical tools are included as an appendix at the end of this report. A concluding section recommends specific strategies, an action plan to carry them out, and a plan for evaluating and reviewing the strategies as implemented. Keywords: airline strategy term paper swot analysis. 16p., 54f., 31b.   $112   13225. WOMEN MANAGING ACROSS CULTURES: US, JAPAN & SWEDEN. This report provides an overview and analysis of women managing across three cultures - American, Swedish and Japanese -- from the perspective of the American businesswoman. Following a summary comparison of culture and management in these three countries, the analysis examines women in business in the U.S., Sweden, and Japan. A concluding section examines the implications of these cultural differences for an American woman manager posted to each of these countries. 12p., 51., 21f.   $84   13206. MCDONALD'S: TIME TO SEIZE THE ADULT MARKET. Presents a comprehensive rationale and program for the fast food giant's capture of the adult market. Includes a thorough assessment of the external marketing environment (competitive structure, competitor strengths and weaknesses, economic factors; social, cultural and demographic trends), consumer environment, and internal organizational environment. Includes a SWOT analysis. The marketing plan stipulates marketing goals and objectives, identifies and defines the target market, articulates the particulars of the marketing mix with respect to product, price, promotion, and distribution strategies; discusses factors for marketing implementation; and considers methods for evaluation and control. 22p., 49f., 30b.   $133   13180. THE MICROSOFT ANTITRUST CASE. This paper presents an overview and analysis of the U.S. Department of Justice's antitrust case against Microsoft. The analysis begins with an overview of U.S. antitrust law and the current debate over how the doctrine of antitrust can or should be applied to rapidly-changing high-tech fields such as computing and the Internet. The next section presents a history and background of the DOJ vs. Microsoft case, followed by a discussion of the central issues in the case, both in terms of the DOJ's central charges and in terms of Microsoft's responses. The concluding section discusses the win/lose implications of the case. 13p., 44f., 38b.   $91   13153. THE TRUE MEASURE OF "PROFIT" IN A BUSINESS. Argues that profit should not be measured by money but rather by the longevity of the business. Further argues that such longevity is obtained through customer loyalty, which in turn requires a concern for such things as quality, innovation and employee satisfaction. 6p., 9f., 4b.   $42   13142. THE VIRTUAL OFFICE. This paper provides an overview an analysis of the virtual office, outlining its major features and parameters as it is applied in business today, considering some of its advantages and disadvantages, examining what companies are best suited for the adoption of the virtual office, and speculating on its future. Specific elements of the virtual office which are reviewed include telecommuting, virtual teams, hot desking, hotelling, groupware, and networked organizations. 15p. 43f. 19b.   $105   13140. MNCS AND COMMUNICATIONS. This report provides an overview an analysis of the role and structure of communications in MNCs. The analysis begins with a general overview of the importance of communications in the MNC, conducted through the perspective of an assessment and response to the statement that "control of MNCs is primarily a matter of communication." Following this, the analysis examines the components of and differences between the one-way and two-way patterns of communication, considering their implications for MNCs in general and for Western-based MNCs operating in Asia in particular. 10p., 28f., 13b.   $70   13139. INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES & WESTERN-CHINESE ALLIANCES. This report provides an overview and analysis of the threats and opportunities presented to the Western firm entering an international joint venture (IJV) with a Chinese (People's Republic of China) partner. Following an overview of the general advantages and disadvantages of the IJV as a foreign investment strategy, the analysis takes the perspective of a Western firm considering a joint venture with a China-based firm and considers both the advantages and disadvantages to such a venture, as well as the principal factors of Western-Chinese IJV success or failure. 11p., 54f., 22b.   $77   13138. ASIAN VALUES & THE ASIAN BUSINESS STYLE. Presents an overview of key elements in Asian business style and culture among those Asian nations heavily influenced by Confucianism, particularly China and expatriate Chinese businesses in Southeast Asia. Includes an overview of the cultural foundations of business organization in Chinese-dominated or influenced Asian nations as explained by Geert Hofstede (1985, 1991). Subsequent sections examine the dominance of the family business structure and the role and importance of 'relationships' and 'connections' in Asian business practices.. A concluding section briefly takes up the issue of whether "Asian values" can reasonably be held at all accountable for either the Asian economic miracle of the 1970s and 1980s or the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. 14p., 38f., 21b.   $98   13121. THE GLOBAL REACH OF JAPANESE BUSINESS. This paper compares and contrasts two recent publications which provide some perspective on the issues and controversies surrounding the global spread (through both "exportation" and "adaptation") of Japanese management practices. Jeremiah Sullivan's (1992) monograph, Invasion of the Salarymen, provides a distinctly American perspective on the Japanese management presence in the United States. Tony Elger and Chris Smith's (1994) compilation, Global Japanization?, brings together a collection of articles and case studies to provide a geographically broader perspective on the issues surrounding the potential for the global "Japanization" of work practices. 12p. 25f. 2b   $84   13116. OPERATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AMONG MNCS. This report discusses some of the major human resources management and organizational change issues involved in transforming a multinational corporation into an integrated transnational company. Following an overview of the evolving TNC and its implications for human resources management, the analysis examines the use of "subsidiary empowerment" as one potential MNC-TNC transformation strategy. The limitations and shortcomings of this strategy are then considered with reference to Asian subsidiaries. A concluding section considers the implications of resistance to organizational change for the strategic planner within a multinational organization. 20p., 64f, 19b.   $133   13115. HOFSTEDE ON BUSINESS CULTURE IN ASIA. This report provides an overview and introduction to Hofstede's theories on national culture and organization. The analysis begins with an overview and critique of Hofstede's methodology. While Hofstede's framework for cultural analysis has been widely cited and applied, a number of researchers have pointed to certain shortcomings and methodological weaknesses. This brief section addresses one common criticism. The next section of the report looks more closely at Hofstede's theories on how national culture affects motivation - a critical area of interest for Hofstede. A final section examines Hofstede's concept of Confucian Dynamism and his theories on Asian business culture. 19p., 32f., 9b.   $133   13114. MANAGING & TRAINING THE EXPATRIATE WORK FORCE. This report considers some of the advantages and disadvantages of the expatriate workforce and examines key human relations management issues related to expatriate staffing of MNCs. The analysis begins with a critical overview of the traditional reasons for maintaining an expatriate workforce. A concluding section considers steps to take to maximize the value of expatriates. 14p., 35f., 11b   $98   13111. EXPERT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS. This paper provides a summary review and analysis of the scope, benefits, and risks of ES implementation in the business setting. The first part of the analysis examines the three major sub-types of ES commonly used in the business setting, with attention to their principal benefits and drawbacks. The second part of the analysis looks closer at the specific benefits derived and problems encountered during the course of ES implementation in the business setting. KEYWORDS: artificial intelligence business applications expert systems. 21p., 143f., 45b.   $133   13110. EXPERT SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING. This paper provides a review and analysis of the empirical and survey literature on current expert systems applications within the business setting. Following a brief introduction of terms, ES applications in human resources management, manufacturing/production, distribution, quality control, marketing, finance, and strategic management are discussed and analyzed with attention to both their effectiveness and the problems found in implementation and usage. KEYWORDS: artificial intelligence management information systems decision making computers. 22p., 42f., 28b..   $133   13109. INTRODUCTION TO EXPERT SYSTEMS. This paper provides an introduction to expert systems (ES) technology, with particular attention to its use in the business setting. The first part of the analysis provides a definition and discussion of the major characteristics of expert systems. The process of developing and/or "building" expert systems is also discussed. The second part of the analysis provides a brief history of expert systems, with special attention to their application in the business setting. A concluding section describes the main types of expert systems currently deployed by business and discusses the likely future of ES in the business setting. KEYWORDS: artificial intelligence business expert systems management decision software. 11p., 37f., 21b.   $77   13098. THE BRAER OIL TANKER SPILL (1993). How the public, local government and international community responded to this crisis near the Shetland Islands. Focuses on the defensive stance taken by the ship management company in dealing with the problem. Discusses criticisms of the shipping industry's efforts to cut costs, and concludes by noting that industry-wide improvements in safety have been made since then. 16p., 52f., 13b.   $112   13097. BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS: THE CASE OF THE AMOCO CADIZ. The paper provides a summary of the wreck of the oil tanker Amoco Cadiz off the coast of Brittany, France in March 1978. By analyzing the background and overview of the company, the environmental dimensions of the crisis, and the overall outcomes for the various parties involved, the paper explores what should be the response of a business when it becomes involved in an environmental crisis. 17p. 38f. 23b.   $119   13096. DIPLOMACY AS AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS. Describes diplomacy as a form of "management," in which negotiations play a vital role. Argues that diplomats need to be adaptable to their current place and time, but they also need to make use of the accumulated experience and techniques of the diplomatic tradition. 10p. 37f. 8b.   $70   13033. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, 1995-1998. This report examines the status of strategic management in the mid- to late-1990s (1995-1998). Based on a review of scholarly literature published in this field during the period 1995-1998, the analysis provides a current definition of strategic management; discusses current trends in strategic management theory and application; considers the interface between contemporary strategic management and some of the more popular management concepts of the 1990s, notably "empowerment"; and provides examples of the application of contemporary strategic management theory in real-world organizations. 18p., 101f., 37b.   $126   13024. TQM IMPLEMENTATION IN HOSPITALS: SUCCESS OR FAILURE? This report examines the implementation of total quality management (TQM, often used interchangeably with the term continuous quality improvement or CQI within the hospital setting) in hospitals. Following an overview of the origin and principles behind total quality management (with a focus on the Deming model) as it evolved within industries outside of the healthcare setting and a brief history of TQM's evolution within the hospital setting, the report presents a review and analysis of the literature on the successes and failures of TQM implementation in the hospital setting. Another section of the report presents a comparative assessment of TQM in other industries and a discussion of its general "goodness of fit" with hospitals and the current health care environment. A concluding section summarizes the major findings of the review, draws conclusions about the future of TQM in hospitals, and makes recommendations for further investigation. 37p., 115f., 43b.   $133   13013. CORPORATE & POLITICAL STRUCTURE & THE ASIAN ECONOMIC CRISIS. Using World Bank president James Wolfensohn's recent comment that the Asian economic crisis revealed that "political, financial and corporate structures were not well suited to cope with the demands of an increasingly globalized economy" as a stimulus for discussion and analysis, this report takes a retrospective and look at the Asian economic crisis. Following an overview of the crisis (its chronology and central features), the analysis considers in greater detail the causes of the crisis and the relative contribution to the crisis made by the factors cited by Wolfensohn and other analysts. The concluding section looks at the prospects for recovery in the troubled Asian economies, and considers the political, corporate, cultural, and economic transformations which must be completed in order to achieve a renewal of the "Asian miracle." 22p. 43f. 29b.   $133   12635. OUTSOURCING AT BRITISH AIRWAYS. This paper examines outsourcing in British Airways. The analysis considers the opportunities and risks presented by BA's outsourcing strategies within the context of outsourcing in the airline industry in general and with a close focus on its implication for BA's human resources management functions and objectives. The first section provides an overview of British Airways and its outsourcing strategy, while the second section takes a broader perspective, looking at BA's strategies within the context of outsourcing in the air transport industry. Discusses specific outsourcing moves in maintenance, repair and overhaul; short-haul routes; baggage handling; catering; engineering; and other functions. Examines the summer of 1997 cabin crew strike as a reaction to the company's outsourcing strategies. 11p., 59f., 39b.   $77   12634. A FIVE FORCES STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY. This investigation uses Porter's five forces model to provide a comprehensive strategic overview of the international airline industry. Taking into consideration key factors in the industry's political, economic, social and technological environment, industry strategy is analyzed in terms of competitor rivalry, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products, influence of buyer power, and influence of supplier power. 12p., 71f., 40b.   $84   12633. CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. This investigation presents an overview of the interaction between culture and management around the globe. In addition to defining culture and identifying some of the major culturally-bound variables of management style, the analysis considers some of the main approaches - and the problems therein - to studying culture in comparative management. KEYWORDS: globalization culture management international managers cultural factors global business. APA Style. 10p., 41f., 18b.   $70   12632. P.E.S.T. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY. This paper analyzes and profiles the factors in the external environment impacting competitors' performance in the global airline industry. While the analysis considers the general impact of these environmental factors on all major competitors, for illustrative purposes, the investigation takes a closer look at the impact on one major international airline competitor, British Airways (BA). Through the use of a PEST analysis, the key political, economic, social, and technological factors and trends influencing strategic position are examined. KEYWORDS: international airline industry competitive analysis pest. APA Style. 20 pages, 112 footnotes, 87 bibliographic sources.   $133   12631. STRATEGIC ADJUSTMENT IN THE U.S. FAST FOOD INDUSTRY. This paper explores the structural transformations in the domestic fast food industry and analyzes competitor's responses to these changes and new challenges. Following a brief theoretical background discussion of strategic management theory predictions concerning industry transformations and competitor responses, the major trends and adjustments in the U.S. fast food industry are profiled. The concluding sections of the paper then examine major competitor strategic responses, focusing on the responses of four top competitors: McDonald's, Burger King, Pizza Hut, and KFC. KEYWORDS: fast food restaurant industry united states competition competitive strategies marketing strategy. 19 pages, 143 footnotes, 61 bibliographic sources.   $133   12615. IN-GROUP VS. OUT-GROUP DISTINCTIONS IN COLLECTIVIST CULTURES. Implications for International Business. This paper provides a close focus on Hofstede's (1991) observation that "the distinction between in-group and out-groups which is so essential in the collectivist culture pattern has far-reaching consequences for business relationships, beyond those between employers and employees" (p. 66). Following an overview of Hofstede's (1991) individualist-collectivist dimension of culture and a more detailed discussion of its implications for the in-group versus out-group distinction, the analysis examines the consequences of the collectivist cultures' treatment of in- and out-groups for international business relationships, looking specifically at its impact on inter- and extra-firm negotiations, organizational structures, and HRM (human resources management) structures and processes. 15p., 51f., 24b.   $105   12614. LONG-TERM COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN AN ERA OF GLOBABLIZATION. This essay analyzes Alfred Chandler's views (as expressed in his 1990 book, Scale and Scope) on managerial enterprise and international comparative advantage with a view towards assessing its relevance and validity for contemporary economic, market, and organizational structures. Considers whether Chandler's views on managerial enterprise rely too heavily on the U.S. ideal to adequately explain the long-term comparative success of nations and their industries. Argues that while Chandler's (1990) historical analysis provides an excellent explanation of the rise of the modern industrial organization and the factors of comparative success from the emergence of the organization in the late 19th century up until World War II, changes in the global economic structure and concomitant profound shifts in the international competitive environment render much of Chandler's analysis inapplicable to an understanding of contemporary factors in comparative success. 14p 26f. 11b...   $98   12421. THE CULTURAL NATURE OF GLOBAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. Summarizes, synthesizes, and critiques six (1996-97) articles (including four research articles) relating to the cultural imperatives of global human resource management. The topic is investigated through three main sub-themes: 1) expatriate adjustment; 2) culture and management; and 3) culture and work-related values. 11p., 12f., 6b.   $77   12400. COMMERCIAL ONLINE SERVICES: AMERICAN ONLINE (AOL) VERSUS THE MICROSOFT NETWORK (MSN). A marketing analysis of the number one and number three commercial online service/Internet service providers. Provides a comparative assessment and analysis of each firms' marketing objectives, goals, pricing strategy, advertising and promotional strategy, and unique selling points. Considers the major strengths and weaknesses of each service and makes recommendations for improvement. Includes AOL vs. MSN summary comparison chart. 21p., 49f., 38b.   $133   12390. JOB OWNERSHIP. This paper explores the topic of job ownership and its implications for corporate social responsibility, the employment contract, and theories of social justice. In considering whether job ownership should be vested in the company or in the employee, the essay argues that neither exclusive employee job ownership is morally acceptable. Drawing an analogy with property rights in common law, argues that job ownership should be shared between the company and the employee within the context of the employer-employee relationship. 10p., 11f., 8b.   $70   12389. WHY CHANGE IS NOT WORKING IN MOST ORGANIZATIONS. This paper reviews the key points and examines the validity of a recent article by the National Underwriter Life & Health company which explores the reasons behind the failure of organizational change efforts. Considers how to apply the information from the perspective of an internal management consultant. 5p., 15f., 7b.   $35   12388. EMPLOYEE ORIENTATION. This paper provides a review, overview and interpretation of the scholarly literature concerning employee orientation. The analysis considers the purpose and rationale of employee orientation, examines the empirical and anecdotal evidence linking effective orientation programs with increased organizational effectiveness and increased employee satisfaction, explores models of successful orientation programs from a variety of organizations, analyzes orientation techniques, and identifies the key elements of an effective employee orientation program. 21p., 64f., 39b.   $133   12387. EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION AT IBM. This paper provides an audit and analysis of IBM against the participative management/employee involvement model of human resource management. The first section describes the participative model of human resource systems and justifies the use of this model as an evaluative benchmark. the remainder of the paper evaluates IBM against this normative HRS model, addressing issues of strategy, structure, and culture, along with the specific human resource management functions of performance and management and rewards. KEYWORDS: IBM hrm employee involvement participation. 17p., 52f., 43b.   $119   12386. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT MICROSOFT. This paper presents a management report analyzing the human relations management issues, strategies and policies of software giant Microsoft Corporation. The report focuses on Microsoft's problems in employee recruiting, hiring and classification which are related to the highly competitive market for qualified high-technology employees, the company's needs to retain flexibility in hiring practices, and recent legal challenges to Microsoft's long-standing practice of relying on "contract" or "temporary" workers to fill part of its labor needs. KEYWORDS: hrm microsoft recruitment hiring employee classification temporary workers us software industry labor practices. 11p., 48f., 34b.   $77   12385. PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND THE SUPERVISOR. This paper, which is structured as a draft letter from the Chief of Personnel in a public organization to newly selected supervisors, emphasizes the new and critical role each supervisor plays in human resource management. Drawing upon public administration texts and recent literature, the report addresses the key human resources management responsibilities of the new supervisors. The analysis and recommendations consider EEO, employee motivation and job satisfaction, employee training and development, performance appraisal, employee discipline and grievance procedures, and the management of diversity. 11p., 24f., 15b.   $77   12384. INTRODUCING NEW TECHNOLOGY INTO THE WORKPLACE. This paper considers and critiques the proposition that the introduction of new technology into the workplace is a straightforward management task. The essay argues that the implementation of new technology into the workplace is a complex and often daunting challenge for management. The analysis begins with a review of some of the major problems and/or barriers involved in implementing new technologies and then concludes with a discussion of the implications for managers. 8p., 25f., 15b.   $56   12383. LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS. Overview and analysis of the learning organization. The first part of the paper takes a theoretical focus, considering the definitions and central characteristics of the learning organization; differentiating between organizational learning and the learning organization; considering the implications of being a learning organization for corporate culture, organizational structure, strategy, and environmental outlook, examining the factors in the external environment which encourage or demand the development of learning organizations; and previewing theoretical approaches towards becoming learning organizations. the concluding section of the paper examines the learning organization in action. Drawing on case studies and anecdotal reports of companies' achievements and/or failures as learning organization, the analysis takes a birds-eye look at how and why companies become learning organizations. 17p., 43f., 24b.   $119   12382. AMERICAN MANAGEMENT STYLE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL BUSINESS. This paper examines the dominant forms and cultural influences on management style and practice in the United States with comparisons to other cultural values underpinning American management style and business practices. A concluding section considers the extent to which recent changes in the structure and style of U.S. businesses can be related to American culture. KEYWORDS: globalization culture management american management style international business management. 18p., 43f., 29b.   $126   12381. GLOBALWORK: BRIDGING DISTANCE, CULTURE & TIME BY O'HARA-DEVERAUX & JOHANSEN. Review and evaluation of this 1994 book by two management consultants which aims at providing managers with useful models and frameworks for transcending the cultural boundaries of the global business environment to ensure effective teamwork and optimal utilization of new business technologies. While noting that the subject matter is timely and relevant, appraises much of the book as indecipherable, particularly its discussions of globalization and culture. KEYWORDS: book review globalization business. 6p., 11f., 3b.   $42   12379. ARAB MANAGEMENT: CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA. This paper presents an overview and analysis of the Arabian style of management as exemplified by Saudi Arabian businesses. The Arab management style is compared and contrasted to the American style, with a discussion of the major cultural influences on each. the analysis begins with a discussion of the major cultural influences on Arabian management. Following this, a profile of the "Saudi management style" is presented and discusses with comparisons to American management. The concluding section presents a summary comparison of American and Arabian management styles. 10p., 31f., 17b.   $70   12378. THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY. The paper argues that factors such as proximity to university facilities, existing high-tech industry and a well-educated workforce are the reasons why biotechnology firms tend to cluster in a few metropolitan areas such as Boston, San Diego and San Francisco. 5p. 14f. 8p..   $35   12376. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND SMALL BUSINESS. Overview and analysis of the use of decision support systems (DSS -- computer tools designed to provide a human decision-maker support within a semi-structured decision environment) in small business. Considers the central criteria for DSS success in small business, profiles common DSS applications in small business, and provides examples of specific products. A concluding section considers the outcome of DSS use in small business. 13p., 22f., 9b.   $91   12375. ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF EMPLOYEES. This research paper provides a revi