Academic Research Papers | U.S. DOMESTIC POLITICS; PART 1

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18341. PATTY HEARST AND THE SYMBIONESE LIBERATION ARMY. This paper discusses the participation of Patricia Hearst, the newspaper heiress, in the 1970s terrorist group known as the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). Emphasis is placed on the sociological and psychological factors that contributed to the rise of radical youth activities at the time and that help to explain her involvement. In addition to describing the facts of the case, the paper considers differing views on why Hearst apparently joined the SLA after being kidnapped by them (she was willing, she was a victim of the Stockholm Syndrome, she was brainwashed). It is also argued that the SLA did not have a significant social impact because it was too isolated, cult-like, and violent. KEYWORDS: psychology sociology American history terrorism Hearst. APA Style. 11p., 31f., 9b.		$77

18228. APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA AND SEGREGATION IN THE UNITED STATES. This paper discusses how Jim Crow laws oppressed African Americans in the Southern U.S. despite their emancipation in the 1860s. Similarly, race-related problems have persisted in South Africa despite the end of the apartheid policy with the election of the African National Congress in 1994. Based on these examples, it is argued that various factors contribute to the persistence of problems in countries with a legacy of racial oppression, even after laws have been passed to prevent such problems. KEYWORDS: race relations apartheid South Africa segregation Jim Crow America. MLA Style. 6p., 13f., 6b.		$42

18222. HEAVEN’S DOOR (GEORGE J. BORJAS). This paper reviews and critiques chapter 10 of Borjas’ book, which is concerned with the economic impact of America’s immigration policy. The author argues that the current policy, based on allocating visas to immigrants with family ties in the nation, displaces native-born workers and burdens the nation’s welfare system. Instead, there should be a policy based on accepting immigrants that have desirable skills. The reviewer agrees with Borjas’ basic argument that America’s immigration policy should provide more protection to native-born citizens. KEYWORDS: book review immigration policy economics. MLA Style. 5p., 13f., 1b.		$35

18203. SUICIDE TERRORISM. This paper provides an overview and analysis of suicide terrorism. Following a discussion of the definition of suicide terrorism, the paper traces the history of suicide terrorism from ancient times through the development of modern suicide terrorism in the latter 20th century. Focusing primarily on modern suicide terrorism, the paper then discusses the main features and characteristics of suicide terrorism and suicide terrorists (individuals and organizations). Another section examines some of the major theories or explanations of suicide terrorism, considering the influence of individual, social, and organizational motives and factors. The concluding section briefly considers steps that might be taken to slow or stop the continued expansion of suicide terrorism. KEYWORDS: suicide terrorism suicide bombers terrorist motivations theories terrorism term paper. Written 2006. APA Style. 20 pages, 165 footnotes, 50 bibliographic sources. 6,650 words.		$133

18202. UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE. This paper provides an overview and analysis of universal health coverage, considering in particular the prospects for its implementation in the United States. The first part of the paper looks at universal health care coverage as it exists in other developed nations, examining the underlying principles and the methods nations use to deliver universal coverage for lessons they might offer to the U.S. The second part of the paper provides an overview of the problems in America=s existing health care system, examining the need for universal coverage, and the costs and consequences of the absence of such coverage, with comparative reference to health systems in other countries. The conclusion considers the prospects for implementing a national system of universal healthcare in the United States. KEYWORDS: socialized medicine universal health care coverage national health insurance uninsured comparative healthcare systems single payer government funded health care. APA Style. Written 2006. 18 pages, footnotes, 47 bibliographic sources. 6,500 Words.		$126

18200. GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION. Based on a review and analysis of scholarly literature, and drawing on examples from around the globe, this paper provides an overview and analysis of the problem of public sector corruption. The purpose of the investigation is to provide a better understanding of the problem of public sector corruption - its scope, its causes, its consequences - and to describe strategies and tactics that could be used to curtail corruption. The first section provides an overview of the problem of public sector corruption. Public sector corruption is defined (and distinguished from private or business sector corruption) and the major types of corruption and general scope of corrupt activities outlined. This section also introduces the major international indices/measurements of corruption. The next section examines the major causes and consequences of public sector corruption. Following this, the paper considers strategies and measures to address/mitigate the problem of public sector corruption. KEYWORDS: public administration ethics public sector corruption transparency international bribery embezzlement. Written 2006. APA Style. 13 pages, 57 footnotes, 38 bibliographic sources. 3,901 Words.		$91

18175. EXTRAORDINARY RENDITIONS: LEGALITY. This paper presents an overview and legal analysis of the Bush Administration’s post-911 counterterrorism practice of having the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) detain and deliver suspected terrorists to foreign governments for interrogation and possibly torture. After briefly describing extraordinary renditions and discussing the Bush Administration’s justifications and claims of legality versus critics’ contention that the practice is illegal, this paper reviews the various treaties, conventions, covenants, and other international legal documents to assess the legality of the US programs of extraordinary renditions. The essay concludes that the US program of extraordinary renditions represents a clear violation of international law in that such renditions violate the provisions of a number of different international treaties and covenants (including the Geneva Conventions, the International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (ICCPR), and the Convention Against Torture) to which the United States is party. KEYWORDS: terrorists counterterrorist policy us war on terror bush extraordinary rendition torture guantanamo prisoners international law treaty. Written 2007. Turabian with Endnotes. 19 pages, 70 footnotes, 28 bibliographic sources. 4,505 words excluding footnotes.		$133

18130. RESEARCH DESIGN FOR A STUDY ON POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. This paper, which is written in first person, describes a proposed study on the political participation of British university students. It is hypothesized that the students will be influenced by parents, degree subject studied, party allegiance, and gender. The questionnaire is described, as well as the results of a preliminary test in which students were randomly approached on campus. The responses of twelve of the students are also discussed. KEYWORDS: research design questionnaire political participation. Written 2006. 9 pages, 0 footnotes, 0 bibliographic sources. 2,010 words.		$63

18084. ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. This term paper discusses the importance of accountability in public administration (among individuals, leaders, and organizations as a whole). It is argued that mistakes will always occur, and what is most important is taking responsibility and being sincere and honest in efforts to provide for the welfare of the public. KEYWORDS: public administration accountability. Written 2006. APA Style. 5 pages, 5 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 1,296 words.		$35

18082. IMMIGRATION AND FUTURE RACE RELATIONS. This termpaper discusses the massive influx of immigrants to America and the potential future impact that this might have on national identity and ethnic/racial relations. The issue of assimilation (or lack thereof) is addressed, with special attention to the situation of Mexican immigrants in California. The growing trends of intermarriage and the adoption of multiracial identities are also discussed. It is predicted that racial/ethnic differences won't disappear in the upcoming future, but there will probably be a diminishing of the differences in life chances that currently exist. KEYWORDS: immigration race ethnicity national identity future. Turabian Style with Bottom of Page Footnotes and Separate Bibliography. 14p., 22f., 10b.		$98

18067. U.S. MILITARY STRATEGIES. This paper examines the four grand strategies that various U.S. military planners have recommended in recent decades. The strategies in question are: neo-isolationism, selective engagement, cooperative security, and primacy. The advantages and shortcomings of each strategy are described. In addition, the paper discusses how U.S. military strategy has evolved in recent decades, up through the period following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The paper concludes with the argument that cooperative security provides the best approach for meeting America's current national security needs. KEYWORDS: military strategy neo-isolationism selective engagement cooperative security primacy. Written 2006. MLA Style. 12 pages, 31 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 3,270 words.		$84

18041. FEMA (FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY). This paper addresses the challenges and difficulties faced by FEMA in its dual role of responding to both natural disasters and attacks against the nation. References are made to the agency's response to Hurricane Andrew (1992) and Hurricane Katrina (2005), and to the changes that occurred with 9/11 and the agency becoming a branch of the Department of Homeland Security. To analyze the situation, the paper uses theoretical perspectives relating to bureaucratic organizations, hierarchical control, and the role of power and politics in public administration. It is argued that FEMA's problems are mainly due to the fact that it is a "politically controlled bureaucracy," with politicians (Presidents and Congress) using it as a tool for increasing political influence. KEYWORDS: FEMA problems management disasters homeland security bureaucracy. Written 2006. APA Style. 16 pages, 25 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 4,057 words.		$112

18023. DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADS. This term paper argues for the abolishment of direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical ads. Following a discussion of the historical background of the topic, the paper examines the arguments both for and against the use of DTC ads. The proponents of DTC ads claim that they educate consumers, build physician-patient relationships, and help boost the economy. The essay points out the weaknesses in these arguments and notes that they are mostly made by people with a vested interest in such ads. By contrast, there is a great deal of evidence to support the argument against DTC ads (they confuse and mislead consumers, they strain physician-patient relationships and result in over-prescribing, and they have a negative impact on the economy by inflating healthcare costs). KEYWORDS: pharmaceutical industry prescription drug advertising business ethics argumentative essay. Written 2006. APA Style. 22 pages, 49 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 5,637 words.		$133

18022. FROM MARGIN TO MAINSTREAM (SUSAN HARTMANN) AND SUBURBAN WARRIORS (LISA MCGIRR). This paper compares two books on important social-political movements in the U.S. in the late twentieth century. Hartmann's book is concerned with the women's movement and McGirr's book is concerned with the conservative ("New Right") movement. The paper first discusses the content of each book separately, and then compares and contrasts them. It is concluded that both books are useful as informative historical texts; however, Hartmann's book is more engaging and it provides broader coverage of its specific topic. KEYWORDS: comparative book review history women's movement feminism new right conservatism. Written 2006. MLA Style. 11 pages, 17 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 2,582 words.		$77

18021. NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT. This paper discusses the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, including its philosophical assumptions, and its proclaimed intention of improving quality and equality in U.S. education by tying school funding to the results of standardized tests. It is argued that the No Child Left Behind Act is ineffective because it results in "teaching to the test" and a narrowing of the curriculum. In addition, it is overly punitive and it does not provide national-based testing standards for schools in different states to follow. KEYWORDS: education standardized testing federal laws nclb bush administration argumentative essay education policy reform. Written 2006. APA Style. 11 pages, 28 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 2,791 words.		$77

18010. PRO DEATH PENALTY ARGUMENT. This paper looks at the controversial issue of capital punishment and argues in favor of the practice. Based on expert opinions and study evidence, it is argued that the death penalty is an appropriate punishment for the crime of murder (retribution), it prevents an offender from murdering again (incapacitation), and it helps to prevent others from committing murders (deterrence). The paper also rebuts some of the arguments in opposition to the death penalty. KEYWORDS: death penalty capital punishment controversy argumentative essay. Written 2006. MLA Style. 6 pages, 11 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,450 words.		$42

18005. HOSPITAL INDUSTRY REGULATION. . This term paper examines governmental regulation of the U.S. hospital industry. Topics include: antitrust issues, congressional laws, federal agencies involved in oversight, the relative roles of federal and state governments, and efforts to control costs and increase quality of care. KEYWORDS: hospitals healthcare regulation. Written 2006. APA Style. 11 pages, 31 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 2,769 words.		$77

17702. AIR SECURITY IN THE POST-9/11 ERA: ARE WE SAFER? This paper provides an overview and analysis of the status of U.S. aviation security from a post-9/11 perspective. The analysis considers the major “holes” or shortcomings in the current aviation security system and possible ways to address these shortcomings. The analysis identifies problems in passenger and airline/airport personnel identification and screening, cargo screening, explosives detection, airliner defense against missile attacks, ground target defense against airliners, general aviation, and problems in TSA bureaucracy. The concluding section presents specific recommendations for action. KEYWORDS: aviation safety and security passenger screening cargo screening explosives detection suicide bombing terrorism transportation security administration. Written 2005. APA Style. 16 pages, 68 footnotes, 39 bibliographic references. 3778 words.		$112

17636. THE MEDIA AND THE VIETNAM WAR. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the role of the media in shaping public opinion during the Vietnam War. Drawing on newspaper and television reports from the throughout the lengthy war, the analysis looks at how media helped to turn the tide of public opinion against the war. Concludes that the media played a critical role, convincing Americans that the war was a costly mistake, that their government had misled (or even lied to) them, and – most importantly – that America was not likely to win the war, notwithstanding its high costs and casualties. KEYWORDS: Vietnam war american public opinion media effects newspapers television. Written 2005. MLA Style. 8 pages, 21 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,970 words.		$56

17631. WAR, LIBERTY & PATRIOTISM: BUSH’S PREVENTIVE WAR IN THE CONTEXT OF HOBBES AND MACHIAVELLI. Using Benjamin R. Barber’s (2003) book, Fear’s Empire: War, Terrorism and Democracy and the Bush administration’s policy of ‘preventive war’ in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, this paper discusses the constructs of “preventive war” and “preventive democracy” as expressed by Barber, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes’ view on these subjects. KEYWORDS: george w bush foreign policy preventive strike thomas hobbes Machiavelli Benjamin barber war liberty patriotism. Written 2005. MLA Style. 7 pages, 18 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 1,674 words.		$49

17627. SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002. . This paper provides an overview and analysis of the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (passed in the wake of the Enron accounting scandal) on publicly traded companies and on the accounting and auditing profession in general. Sarbanes-Oxley resulted in the formation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, regulated by the SEC. This oversight, in combination with new audit standards passed by various standards board in the US, Canada, and internationally, will affect all auditors and has resulted in more assurance of independence and more likely detection of fraud in corporate audits. KEYWORDS: Sarbanes-oxley act accounting fraud corporate corruption corporate scandals auditing enron. Written 2005. Strict APA Style throughout. 12 pages, 17 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 3,320 words.		$84

17617. SECURITIES & EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC). This paper provides an overview and analysis of the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC). Following a brief history of the SEC, the paper describes the purpose of the Commission, its organizational structure, its major divisions and operations, and its major activities over the past few decades. The paper also discusses the impact of recent laws on the SEC, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which was passed in response to various accounting fraud and securities fraud scandals. Includes FREE annotated bibliography. KEYWORDS: SEC securities and exchange commission Sarbanes oxley. Written 2005. MLA Style. 8 pages, 23 footnotes, 10 annotated bibliographic sources. 2,632 words.		$56

17612. GAY MARRIAGE AS AN AMERICAN RIGHT. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the gay marriage controversy. The history of the gay marriage controversy (including recent federal and state legislative history) is traced and the arguments for and against same-sex marriage are presented. The arguments against gay marriage are dismissed as faulty and/or specious as well as un-American and discriminatory. The conclusion makes the case for legalizing gay marriage throughout the United States. KEYWORDS: gay marriage same-sex marriage pro gay marriage. Written 2005. MLA Style. 11 pages, 29 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 2,641 words.		$77

17590. HUMAN ORGAN SALES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the problem of human organ shortages (for the purpose of transplants) and the extensive black market that has developed as a result of this shortage and the illegality of human organ trading. This paper argues that the best solution to the problem is to create a system for the legalized, regulated marketing of human organs. KEYWORDS: human organ sales black market kidneys. Written 2005. MLA Style. 8 pages, 32 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,948 words.		$56

17568. NIXON AND THE GOLD STANDARD. This paper provides an overview and analysis of President Richard Nixon’s August 15, 1971 decision to end the gold standard as part of the president’s broader “new economic program”. Following a description of the historical background of the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system, the analysis considers the factors contributing to American economic decline in the early 1970s and the reasons why Nixon sought to address some economic problems through the elimination of the gold standard. Concludes that the decision to end the gold standard had negative economic consequences for the United States and for stability in the international monetary system. KEYWORDS: gold standard bretton woods international monetary system us economy 1970s president Richard Nixon monetary policy. Written 2005. MLA Style. 24 pages, 63 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources.		$133

17486. BOOK REVIEW: NO PITY: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES FORGING A NEW CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT BY JOSEPH P. SHAPIRO. This paper reviews Shapiro’s comprehensive and insightful look at the history of American society’s relations with its disabled members and the way in which attitudes towards disability has changed over the years as well as how the disabled community’s changing perception of itself have sparked a civil rights movement. While noting that the author seems to wander off course occasionally, concludes that this is an engaging book that will change readers’ perceptions about the disabled. KEYWORDS: disabled disability rights movement handicapped Americans with Disabilities book review nonfiction. Written 2004. MLA Style. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,265 words.		$35

17482. HOMELESSNESS. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the problem of homelessness in the United States. Defines the problem, estimates the total number of homeless people, and describes the characteristics of the homeless population. Discusses the underlying causative factors in homelessness and considers the relationship between homelessness and poverty, welfare reform, drug abuse, and rising housing costs. Considers some of the ways to address the problem, focusing in particular on shelters and making recommendations on specific components of shelter programs such as drug treatment facilities. KEYWORDS: homeless homelessness poverty shelters housing street people welfare reform. Written 2004. MLA Style. 9 pages, 16 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 2,146 words.		$63

17456. OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN THE UNITED STATES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the problems of overweight and obesity in America from a public health and public policy setting perspective. Following an examination of the scope of the problem, including the related health concerns/risks and economic impact, the analysis looks at the major causes and possible solutions to the problem of obesity and overweight in America. Included among the primary causes identified are technological factors which have combined to reduce levels of physical activity and increase levels of food consumption; food industry policies and marketing activities; economic factors; and a decline in Americans’ physical activities. Ultimately, to win its “war on obesity,” the government may need to more closely regulate the food industry and its advertisers, as well as provide subsidies for producers and price incentives for consumers to consume healthier, less energy dense foods while exercising more regularly. KEYWORDS: obesity overweight obese weight reduction diet exercise public policy food. Written 2005. 15 pages, 56 footnotes; 29 bibliographic sources. 3,552 words.		$105

17450. PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL PREDATORS, P.L. 105-314 Following a summary of the main provisions of the 1998 Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act and a short discussion of some of the forces that led to the Act’s passage, this paper looks closely at the case precedence, constitutional basis and constitutional issues surrounding the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act. Written 2005. 11 pages, 63 footnotes; 31 bibliographic sources. 2590 words.		$77

17442. MEDIA REPORTING ON IMMIGRATION: CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 187 & ARIZONA PROPOSITION 200. Both Proposition 187 and its progeny, Proposition 200, generated considerable attention in the local and national press. Following a brief overview of terms and a short review of the literature on anti-immigrant discourse in the media, this paper examines how the media framed each proposition, in the period leading up to and immediately following the 1994 and 2004 elections. The investigation is carried out through a qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles published three weeks prior to and three weeks after each election. Data for analysis were drawn from three media outlets, encompassing a local and a national outlet covering each proposition. For the 1994 Proposition 187 analysis, data were drawn from articles appearing three weeks prior to and three weeks after the November 7th election in either the San Francisco Chronicle (representing the “local” outlet) or the Los Angeles Times (representing the “national” media outlet for this proposition). For the 2004 Proposition 200 analysis, data were drawn from articles appearing three weeks prior to and three weeks after the November 2nd election in either the Phoenix-based Arizona Republic (representing the local outlet) or the Los Angeles Times (again representing the national outlet). KEYWORDS: media analysis framing immigration media bias. Written 2005. 21 pages, 74 footnotes, 62 bibliographic sources. 4740 words		$133

17439. THE IMMIGRATION BACKLASH: CALIFORNIA’S PROPOSITION 187 AND ARIZONA’S PROPOSITION 200. This paper provides an overview and analysis of Propositions 187 and 200 and the social movements and sentiments which underpin them. A particular focus of this analysis is the role that the media has played in creating, sustaining and expressing the anti-immigrant beliefs which form the basis for the creation of exclusionary laws. Prior to examining Propositions 187 and 200 in detail, the paper considers the current debate from the perspective of history, looking at America’s heritage as “a nation of immigrants” and examining past anti-immigrant movements, with a special focus on the Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882. Argues that while the media has been guilty (both recently and in the past) of fanning the flames of anti-immigrant sentiment and of at times presenting a slanted view of immigration and its actual impact on citizens, neither the contemporary anti-immigration movement nor the anti-immigration movements of the past can realistically be viewed as creations of the media or even as primarily media-driven. The Chinese Exclusion Acts, Proposition 187 and Proposition 200 were all primarily driven by economic and political interests. KEYWORDS: immigration immigrants anti-immigration populist movements media. Written 2005; 24 pages, 94 footnotes, 33 bibliographic references. 6,011 words.		$133

17436. THE WAR ON DRUGS. This paper provides an overview and analysis of America’s “war on drugs”. Looking at both the domestic and foreign aspects, the paper profiles the history, goals, strategies, results and consequences of the decades-long drug war. The essential conflicts (e.g., criminalization versus medicalization, enforcement versus treatment, prohibition versus legalization, etc.) in the debate over what to do about the nation’s drug problem and the major controversies (e.g., hidden foreign policy objectives, environmental issues, racial aspects, impact on prison crowding, costs, overall effectiveness, etc.) in the war on drugs are considered and discussed. Recent trends in the drug war, including the federal government’s opposition to medical marijuana and the Bush Administration’s efforts to merge the war on drugs and the war on terror into a broad-based, far-reaching war on narco-terrorism are also explored. KEYWORDS: drug war mandatory minimums prison overcrowding foreign policy narco-terrorism drug abuse policy. Written 2005. 14 pages, 78 footnotes, 31 bibliographic sources. 3,386 words.		$98

17427. NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND AND READING FIRST. Are the requirements and educational reforms included in Reading First likely to lead to significant improvements in the literacy levels of the mainly socially and economically-disadvantaged children it targets? This research question is the starting point for this paper which provides an overview and analysis of Reading First and its implications for children’s literacy improvements based on a review and synthesis of the scholarly literature on the topic. Following an overview of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and the Reading First Initiative, the positives and negatives of Reading First are assessed. The concluding section presents a summary of the findings and takes a position against Reading First. KEYWORDS: literacy education federal programs reading student testing. Written 2004. 12 pages, 45 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 2,927 words.		$84

17384. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE & THE FBI: EMPOWERING THE FIELD OFFICES. This paper recommends a new initiative to empower the field offices in the FBI as a way to address some of the ongoing problems in the Bureau=s counterterrorism and counterintelligence operations. The paper begins with a description of the problem and a discussion of how it would lend itself to improved and effective public management practices. The problem and the proposed initiative are considered in the context of Cohen and Eimicke=s (2002) theories on effective public management practices and Buckingham & Coffman=s (1999) four keys of successful management practices. The discussion and analysis of the proposed empowerment initiative shows how the initiative will: 1) address a current problem or dilemma now faced by the FBI; 2) be cost efficient; 3) be considered innovative by members of the organization; and 4) be favorably received by the public and other customers of the Bureau. KEYWORDS: public management organizational change empowerment change management federal bureau of investigation fbi restructuring counterterrorism operations. Written 2004. APA Style. 13 pages, 39 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 3962 words.		$91

17374. REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF BERNARD WONG’S ETHNICITY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE NEW CHINESE IMMIGRANTS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA. The New Chinese Immigrants in the San Francisco Bay Area. A favorable review, analysis and evaluation of Wong’s ethnographic study of post-1965 Chinese immigrants in the Bay Area. Finds that Wong has met his objective of showing how the new immigrants make their living in the Bay Area and provided considerable evidence to support his central argument that ethnicity acts as a key resource for the new Chinese immigrants. Despite an overall favorable assessment, the reviewer faults the author for failing to make clearer comparisons between the “old” and “new” Chinese immigrant groups and for maintaining a consistently uncritical view of the immigrants’ adaptive strategies and stance within the larger community. KEYWORDS: Chinese immigration san Francisco bay area immigrants post-1965 ethnography book review. Written 2003. 11 pages, 10 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 2,981 words.		$77

17350. BOOK REVIEW: “THE UNDERCLASS” BY KEN AULETTA. This paper provides a review and critique of this book about the underclass in American society, which the author, an investigative journalist, defines as the approximately one-third of the nation’s poor who are unable “to climb out of poverty after a generation or two.” Although Auletta uses numerous facts and statistics in his research, the most notable feature of the book is its inclusion of the personal viewpoints of people that he observed and interviewed during the years 1979-1980. While Auletta’s analysis of the underlying factors involved in poverty is perhaps weakened by the fact that he a journalist, not a sociologist or economist, Auletta nonethless presents a thorough, well-researched overview of the underclass problem, with useful insights for both the professional reader and the general reader alike. KEYWORDS: poverty causes lower class underclass race poor book review. Written 2005. 6 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,358 words.		$42

17287. DISMANTLING DESEGREGATION. Using the text Dismantling Desegregation as a guideline, this paper argues that the recent “re-segregation” trend is an aspect of a larger trend involving the promotion of a conservative agenda. Outlines desegregation policy as it emerged following the Brown v. Board of Education case and then traces the progressive dismantling of desegregation under successive Republican Administrations beginning with Nixon and extending through George W. Bush. Summarizes the major Supreme Court cases relevant to the issue, focusing on Renquist court in the 1990s and cases such as Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, Freeman v. Pitts and Missouri v. Jenkins. KEYWORDS: school segregation desegregation Supreme Court decisions race education conservative agenda. Written 2005. 5 pages, 11 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,238 words.		$35

17270. THE RISE OF THE TWO PARTY SYSTEM. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the rise of the two-party system in American politics in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, describing some of the ways that political parties can be seen as having had a positive or negative influence on the American political system. On the negative side, the parties are criticized for placing too much emphasis on party loyalty versus independent thinking. On the positive side, parties are seen as beneficial in mobilizing voters, providing a forum for the expression of opposing viewpoints and encouraging politicians to deliberate on the issues. KEYWORDS: political parties partisan politics republicans democrats. Written 2005. 5 pages, 10 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 1,320 words.		$35

17262. DRUGS AND SPORTS: ATHLETES AND STEROIDS. This paper provides an overview of the problem of steroid abuse in sports. The paper briefly traces the history of steroids in sports, the reasons for steroid use among athletes, and the evolution of the steroid controversy in sports. The paper then explores the extent to which steroids are used by athletes (as well as by young athletes and non-athletes) in the present day. This is followed by a presentation of the ethical and medical arguments against steroids. The paper concludes with a discussion of the proposed solutions for dealing with the problem. KEYWORDS: sports drugs doping anabolic steroids athletes baseball football ethics Mark McGwire Sammy Sosa Jose Canseco Rafael Palmeiro Barry Bonds Anti-Doping Agency. Written 2005. MLA Style. 10 pages; 30 footnotes; 22 bibliographic sources. 2469 words.		$70

17228. THE SUPREME COURT, THE NEW DEAL, AND THE CONSTITUTION. This paper provides an overview and analysis of changes in Constitutional law interpretations as a result of events surrounding Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation and policies. When the Supreme Court blocked the New Deal legislation of President Roosevelt in the 1930s, Roosevelt responded with a scheme to “pack” the federal courts with younger, more liberal judges. This eventually led to a “constitutional revolution” in the way that the Supreme Court interprets the power of the federal government in terms of providing for the welfare of the people. Keywords: New Deal FDR federal courts Supreme Court Constitution public welfare. 11 pages; 27 footnotes; 10 bibliographic sources. 2,660 words.		$77

17220. THE U.S. AS A "NATION BASED ON FAITH". This paper argues that the United States should become more clearly identified as a Christian country (while still accepting diverse religious beliefs). The discussion includes the role of Christian ethics in the development of the nation and its laws, and the need for moral values to overcome social problems and to strengthen the country as a whole. Keywords: morality Christianity national identity Americans Christian ethics US. 11 pages; 22 footnotes; 9 bibliographic sources. 2,699 words.		$77

17217. NORTHERN DISSENT IN THE CIVIL WAR: THE CASE OF THE COPPERHEADS. Drawing on both primary and secondary sources, this paper provides an overview and analysis of the Copperhead (Northerners who opposed Lincoln and the war) movement during the Civil War era. The Copperhead term is defined and changes made to the definition by revisionist historians discussed. The emergence of the movement is traced and the principal socioeconomic groups involved in the movement identified. Although the major leaders in the movement are identified and discussed, the focus of the analysis is on the Copperhead movement in general rather than the Copperheads in particular. The paper identifies the reasons behind the emergence of the movement and looks into the motivations of the Copperheads as the Civil War progressed. Profiles the main objectives, positions and activities of the Copperheads and evaluates the Republican (Lincoln Administration) response to the Copperheads. The concluding section looks at the fate of the Copperheads in the aftermath of the war and assesses the legacy of the Copperheads as traitors or dissenters. Keywords: Civil War traitors Northern dissent Lincoln Union Confederacy secessionist Copperheads. Written 2003. 34 pages; 69 footnotes; 29 bibliographic sources. 7,553 words.		$133

17205. WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN DEATH PENALTY CASES. Focusing on wrongful convictions of innocent persons in death penalty cases, this paper provides a critical overview and analysis of the location and characteristics of micro and macro-level factors with the criminal justice system that seem to be the source of the errors leading to or contributing to the problem of wrongful convictions. Factors considered include problems with eyewitness identification, unreliable or duplicitous informants, prosecutorial misconduct, defense attorney incompetence, false and coerced confessions, forensic errors and fraud, judicial misconduct, systematic racism, problems with the adversarial system and the difficulties of balancing defendants’ right to due process with society’s need for crime control and the criminal justice system’s need for expediency. The concluding analysis looks at some of the steps that might be taken to remedy or reduce the error rate while still providing justice. Keywords: death penalty wrongful conviction prosecutorial misconduct false confessions forensics judicial error racism crime control. Written 2004. 27 pages; 73 footnotes; 36 bibliographic sources. 7,134 words.		$133

17202. LAW VERSUS JUSTICE. The relationship between the idea of law as a legal concept and justice as an equitable ideal is often a contentious one when put into everyday practice. Following a brief overview of the differing and sometimes contradictory meanings of law and justice, this paper analyzes and critiques the ideals of law and justice, drawing on examples from antitrust, agency, intellectual rights and discrimination. A concluding section articulates and defends the position that laws should be derived from assumptions of justice, while arguing simultaneously that justice is inherently an evolving concept. Keywords: justice law philosophy agency discrimination intellectual property antitrust. Written 2004. 16 pages; 34 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources. 4,258 words.		$112

17198. THE CRASH OF TWA FLIGHT 800. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the midair explosion and crash of TWA Flight 800 on July 17, 1996. Drawing on information from the National Transportation Safety Board investigation and other reports, the paper describes the accident and the resulting damages and fatalities; analyzes the causes behind the accident; and reports on the remedies and changes that were put into place as a result of the accident and subsequent investigation. The first part of the paper dissects the accident and its causes. The next section looks at the lawsuits that arose as a result of the crash. Another section details the remedies and regulations that have been put into place in response to the crash and its likely causes. A concluding section discusses how the accident could have been avoided and briefly considers some of the unresolved issues related to the crash. Keywords: Flight 800 commercial aviation accidents investigation airplane crash lawsuits air safety prevention. Written 2004. 15 pages; 54 footnotes; 31 bibliographic sources. 4,882 words.		$105

17194. MARINE CONTAINER SECURITY AND INSPECTION PRE- AND POST-9/11. This report provides an overview and analysis of ocean-going container security and inspection at U.S. ports. Following an overview of the scope of the container security problem, the analysis looks at how the approach to maritime container security and inspection has changed in the aftermath of 9/11. The major technologies – including gamma-ray, e-seals, pulsed fast neutron analysis, thermal neutron analysis, tracking technologies, and sophisticated x-rays – used in maritime container inspection are identified and discussed. The costs and practicality of these technologies as a means of improving seaport security are considered. Keywords: ports shipping security containers maritime technologies inspection e-seals. Written 2004. 15 pages; 71 footnotes; 25 bibliographic sources. 4,377 words.		$105

17192. SHOULD THE FCC BE GIVEN BROAD REGULATIVE POWERS? REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Following a brief history of freedom of speech, this paper presents a review of the literature on FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulation of speech and expression on all types of media. Key concepts and existing theories related to government regulation of media and speech are identified. Contradictions, shortcomings, and gaps in the evidence related to FCC regulation of media are discussed. Keywords: FCC regulation media broadcasting free speech ownership television radio. Written 2004. MLA Style. 8 pages; 49 footnotes; 24 bibliographic sources. 1,891 words.		$56

17188. MICROSOFT ANTITRUST LAWSUIT. This paper provides a summary overview and analysis of the Microsoft antitrust case (United States v. Microsoft), Civil Action No. 98-1232, U.S. District Court, D.C.). The claims and positions of both parties to the case are identified and explained. The precise charges the government raised against Microsoft are identified, and the legal basis for these charges explained. Microsoft’s responses to the charges are discussed and explained. The procedural (litigation) history of the case is summarized and the terms of the final settlement are reviewed and analyzed. The concluding section offers a personal assessment of the major issues in the case. Keywords: antitrust litigation Microsoft software windows anti-competitive bundling tie-ins. Written 2004. 12 pages; 32 footnotes; 20 bibliographic sources. 3,653 words.		$84

17176. US MILITARY ACQUISITION SYSTEM. This paper critically analyzes the organizations, concepts and processes that comprise the defense (military) acquisition machine in the United States. The main part of this paper provides a general overview of the key components, organizations and concepts of the U.S. military acquisition system, including a definition of defense acquisition and its components; a discussion of the role of the key players in the acquisition process (Congress, the Executive Branch, the defense industry) and the special role of DOD (Department of Defense) acquisition program managers and the Defense Acquisition University; a description of the acquisition authority chain; and an overview of the acquisition environment. The concluding part of the paper focuses more closely on military acquisition processes, looking especially at acquisition reform and the move to “evolutionary, knowledge-based” acquisition processes. Keywords: DOD defense military procurement budget. Written 2004. 12 pages; 31 footnotes; 28 bibliographic sources. 3,184 words.		$84

17160. WELFARE REFORM UNDER PRESIDENT CLINTON. Clinton’s welfare reform law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, better known as the Welfare Reform Act (WRA) promised to “end welfare as we know it.” This paper examines Clinton’s welfare reform and looks at the results and the impact of the reform on recipients. It is argued that welfare reform should not be viewed as a success. In terms of decreasing poverty and meeting important social goals, welfare reform is a failure. Written 2003. 8 pages; 25 footnotes; 12 bibliographic sources. 2,124 words.		$56

17158. THE HIGH COST OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the problem of prescription drug costs as well as consideration of the steps that might be taken to address the problem. Following an overview of the scope and components of the problem, the analysis looks at some fo the major reasons behind the high costs of prescription drugs, including the traditional reasons offered by the drug industry and the reasons suggested by consumer advocates and analysts outside of the pharmaceutical industry. Various ideas for controlling prescription drug costs and/or for solving the problem are considered and discussed. The concluding section makes recommendations on the adoption of specific measures aimed at addressing the problem. Written 2003. 11 pages; 34 footnotes; 28 bibliographic sources. 3,450 words.		$77

17157. SENATOR PAUL WELLSTONE MENTAL HEALTH EQUITABLE TREATMENT ACT OF 2003. Introduced into both the House (H.R. 953) and the Senate (S.486) on February 27, 2003, the Mental Health Equitable Treatment Act is a bill “to provide for equal coverage of mental health benefits with respect to health insurance coverage unless comparable limitations are imposed on medical surgical benefits.” Taking a policy advocacy perspective, this paper provides an overview of this proposed legislation and an analysis of the underlying policy issue. Using Jansson’s (2003) framework, potential interventions and techniques to support the bill and/or empower others to take action on mental health parity are discussed. Written 2003. 15 pages; 27 footnotes; 19 bibliographic sources. 4,035 words.		$105

17143. POVERTY AND CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. This paper analyzes the impact of poverty on a child’s capacity to benefit from schooling. Following a brief review of the literature demonstrating the link between lower income and lower levels of educational achievement, the analysis looks at how poverty influences the child’s initial readiness for learning, parent-child relations, parental school involvement, child nutrition, access to educational resources outside of school, and school environment in ways that negatively impact the child’s ability to benefit from education. 8 pages; 24 footnotes; 10 bibliographic sources.		$56

17142. AMERICA'S FOREIGN POLICY OF PREEMPTION. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the foreign policy doctrine of preemption as promulgated by the George W. Bush Administration. The impact of the events of September 11, 2001 on the development of the doctrine is a special focus. The major components of preemption are outlined and compared and contrasted to previous foreign policy doctrine. Considering the war on Iraq as the first test of the doctrine, the analysis discusses the impact of the doctrine to date and its likely future impact in both the U.S. and the rest of the world. A concluding section addresses the question of whether the doctrine of preemption is good or bad for America, America’s role in the world, and the international system in general. It is argued that preemption is bad for America. 21 pages; 51 footnotes; 27 bibliographic sources.		$133

17140. THE GREAT MIGRATION AND RACE RELATIONS IN AMERICA. This paper considers the history, scope and impact of the Great Migration of blacks from the rural south to the urban north beginning in 1915. Following an overview of the forces driving the Great Migration and a discussion of the status of race relations prior to the migration, the analysis draws on examples from various northern and western cities and the South in general to examine how the Great Migration changed race relations in both the North and the South. Demonstrates how the Great Migration turned race into a national, versus just a southern issue. The argument is made that the migration, and more specifically, the pattern of settlement in the migration (with blacks clustered in geographically segregated areas of the cities) set the stage for increased racial conflict. KEYWORDS: black migration southern us northern cities racial conflict us american migratory patterns african americans. Written 2003. APA Style. 21 pages; 39 footnotes; 17 bibliographic sources. 4,908 words.		$133

17136. TALK SHOWS AS PUBLIC SPHERES: THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN CIVIC PARTICIPATION. Drawing on the literature on TV talk shows as public spheres, this paper provides an overview and analysis of the role of the mass media in civic participation. The analysis draws on specific examples of talk shows broadcast in the U.S. and/or U.K. (e.g., Donahue, Oprah, Geraldo, Kilroy, Jerry Springer, etc.). It is argued that he audience-participation format talk show as it emerged in the 1970s and 1980s did in fact help to create multiple new public spheres and thus made a positive contribution to sparking civic participation, especially within segments of society traditionally excluded from the public sphere. At the same time, it is argued that the newer (late 1980s-early 1990s) forms focused on confrontation (e.g., Ricki Lake, Jerry Springer, Jenny Jones) have resulted in a deterioration of the talk show as a public sphere. Written 2003. 12 pages; 47 footnotes; 25 bibliographic sources. 4,971 words.		$84

17116. SENATOR KERRY AND THE WORKPLACE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the history, development, and status (as of 2002) of the Workplace Religious Freedom Act (WRFA) of 2002 (S. 2572) and its sponsorship by Senator Kerry (D-MA). The analysis begins with a brief biographical sketch of Senator Kerry. The history and development of the WRFA and its sponsorship by Senator Kerry is traced. The analysis considers the factors which led to the development of this bill and examines the intended and possible effects it will have on public policy, employees and employers. Keywords: work religion John Kerry senate bill. Written 2002. 25 pages; 47 footnotes; 38 bibliographic sources. 6,721 words.		$133

17115. THE GREEN PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES. Traces the history, ideology and politics of the Green Party of the United States. Examines the Green Party's role as “spoiler” in the 2000 Presidential election and the 2002 mid-term elections. Contrasts the Green Party ideology with that of the Democrats and Republicans. Discusses factional splits within the Green Party and consider the future of the Greens in U.S. politics. Keywords: political parties Greens elections politics. Written 2002. 12 pages; 25 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources. 3,181 words.		$84

17114. EVALUATING MEDIA PERFORMANCE IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES. This essay addresses the question, “By what standard should we evaluate media performance in democratic societies?” The analysis begins with the premise that the appropriate standards for evaluating media performance in democratic societies are necessarily condition by the form of democracy and the underlying political and social values of the democratic society. Focusing on Anglo-American democratic societies, the analysis then defines and discusses the traditional and emerging roles of media within the democracy, considering also the constraints and limitations on the execution of these roles. Based on the articulation of these roles, the appropriate standards for the evaluation of media are outlined, along with general performance indicators and measurements. Written 2002. 12 pages; 27 footnotes; 14 bibliographic sources. 3,622 words.		$84

17109. THE EVOLUTION OF THE FREE PRESS IN AMERICA. This paper traces the evolution of the free press in America from the early Colonial Era through the 19th century. Argues that notwithstanding the First Amendment provisions, freedom of the press existed more as an idea than as a reality for the first decades of American nationhood and that when finally put into practice, a “free press” was not the equivalent of a “responsible press”. Includes analysis of the press in Colonial America, looking at America’s English newspaper heritage and discussing the pamphlet and broadside forerunners of the first newspapers; considers the foundations of press freedom as established through key early libel cases such as the Zenger case; profiles the role of newspapers in the American Revolution; traces the development of the popular press; considers freedom of press during the Civil War; and examines the development of the modern press in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Written 2002. 31 pages; 69 footnotes; 17 bibliographic sources. 9,026 words.		$133

17018. STATEMENT 34 OF THE GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (GASB). This paper describes the mission of the Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and examines its 1999 statement (GASB 34) regarding new standards for financial reporting by government entities. The paper also discusses the expected benefits of the new standards to taxpayers, investors, political decision-makers, and others. Keywords: federal accounting standards. Written 2004. 12 pages; 39 footnotes; 9 bibliographic sources. 2,589 words.		$84

17009. CORPORATE TAXATION. This paper argues that the capital outflows caused by corporate taxes have a negative impact on inve